[lldb] [MainLoopPosix] Fix crash upon adding lots of pending callbacks

If lots of pending callbacks are added while the main loop has exited
already, the trigger pipe buffer fills in, causing the write to fail
and the related assertion to fail.  To avoid this, add a boolean member
indicating whether the callbacks have been triggered already.
If the trigger was done, avoid writing to the pipe until loops proceeds
to run them and resets the variable.

Besides fixing the issue, this also avoids writing to the pipe multiple
times if callbacks are added faster than the loop is able to process
them.  Previously, this would lead to the loop performing multiple read
iterations from pipe unnecessarily.

Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D135516