[Clang] Use metadata to make identifying embedded objects easier

Currently we use the `embedBufferInModule` function to store binary
strings containing device offloading data inside the host object to
create a fatbinary. In the case of LTO, we need to extract this object
from the LLVM-IR. This patch adds a metadata node for the embedded
objects containing the embedded pointers and the sections they were
stored at. This should create a cleaner interface for identifying these
values.

In the future it may be worthwhile to also encode an `ID` in the
metadata corresponding to the object's special section type if relevant.
This would allow us to extract the data from an object file and LLVM-IR
using the same ID.

Reviewed By: jdoerfert

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D129033