Continue wiring up diagnostic reporting infrastructure, still WIP.

 - Implement a diagnostic hook in one of the paths in mlir-opt which
   captures and reports the diagnostics nicely.
 - Have the parser capture simple location information from the parser
   indicating where each op came from in the source .mlir file.
 - Add a verifyDominance() method to MLFuncVerifier to demo this, resolving b/112086163
 - Add some PrettyStackTrace handlers to make crashes in the testsuite easier
   to track down.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 207488548