[clang] Move state out of `PreprocessorOptions` (2/n) (#87099)

An instance of `PreprocessorOptions` is part of `CompilerInvocation`
which is supposed to be a value type. The `FailedModules` member is
problematic, since it's essentially a shared state used by multiple
`CompilerInstance` objects, and not really a preprocessor option. Let's
move it into `CompilerInstance` instead.