[ValueTracking] recognize sub X, (X % Y) as not overflowing

I fixed some poison-safety violations on related patterns in InstCombine
and noticed that we missed adding nsw/nuw on them, so this adds clauses
to the underlying analysis for that.

We need the undef input restriction to make this safe according to Alive2:
https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/48g9K8

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D125500