IR: Add llvm.ldexp and llvm.experimental.constrained.ldexp intrinsics

AMDGPU has native instructions and target intrinsics for this, but
these really should be subject to legalization and generic
optimizations. This will enable legalization of f16->f32 on targets
without f16 support.

Implement a somewhat horrible inline expansion for targets without
libcall support. This could be better if we could introduce control
flow (GlobalISel version not yet implemented). Support for strictfp
legalization is less complete but works for the simple cases.