[libc] Improve the implementation of the rand() function (#66131)

Summary:
This patch improves the implementation of the standard `rand()` function
by implementing it in terms of the xorshift64star pRNG as described in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorshift#xorshift*. This is a good,
general purpose random number generator that is sufficient for most
applications that do not require an extremely long period. This patch
also correctly initializes the seed to be `1` as described by the
standard. We also increase the `RAND_MAX` value to be `INT_MAX` as the
standard only specifies that it can be larger than 32768.