[mlir][sparse] Expose SparseTensor passes as enums instead of opaque

numbers for vectorization and parallelization options.

The SparseTensor passes currently use opaque numbers for the CLI,
despite using an enum internally. This patch exposes the enums instead
of numbered items that are matched back to the enum.

Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/53389

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D123876

Please also see:
https://reviews.llvm.org/D118379
https://reviews.llvm.org/D117919