Revert "Revert r236894 "[BasicAA] Fix zext & sext handling""

r236894 caused PR23626 (Clang miscompiles webkit's base64 decoder), and was
reverted in r237984. This reapplies the patch with an additional test case for
PR23626 and the associated fix (both scales and offsets in the
BasicAliasAnalysis::constantOffsetHeuristic should initially be zero).

Patch by Nick White, thanks!

llvm-svn: 241981