[mlir] Allow passing AsmState when printing Attributes and Types

This allows for extracting assembly information when printing an attribute
or type, such as the dialect resources referenced. This functionality is used in
a followup that adds resource support to the bytecode. This change also results
in a nice cleanup of AsmPrinter now that we don't need to awkwardly workaround
optional AsmStates.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D132728