[libc++] Bypass calling exception-throwing functions in the dylib with -fno-exceptions

basic_string and vector currently have a hard dependency on the compiled
library because they need to call __vector_base_common::__throw_xxx(),
which are externally instantiated in the compiled library. That makes
sense when exceptions are enabled (because we're trying to localize the
exception-throwing code to the compiled library), but it doesn't really
make sense when exceptions are disabled, and the __throw_xxx functions
are just calling abort() anyways.

This patch simply overrides the __throw_xxx() functions so that they
don't rely on the compiled library when exceptions are disabled.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D108389