[llvm][StringExtras] Use a lookup table for `hexDigitValue`

This method is at the core of the conversion from hex to binary, and using a lookup table great improves the compile time of hex conversions.

Context: In MLIR we use hex strings to represent very large constants in the textual format of the IR. These changes lead to a large decrease in compile time when parsing these constants (>1 second -> 350 miliseconds).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D90320