[llvm-reduce] extractArgumentsFromModule(): don't crash when deleting instr twice

As it can be seen in newly-added (previously-crashing) test-case,
there can be a situation where multiple arguments are used in instr,
and we would schedule the same instruction to be deleted several times,
crashing when trying to delete it the second time.

We could either store WeakVH (done here), or use something set-like.
I think using WeakVH is prevalent in these cases elsewhere.