[SCEV] Add missing cache queries

Calculating SCEVs can be cumbersome, and may take very long time (even
hours, for very long expressions). To prevent recalculating expressions
over and over again, we cache them.
This change add cache queries to key positions, to prevent recalculation
of the expressions.

Fix PR43571.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D70097