[libc] Enable conversion functions on the GPU

These functions were previously removed due to problems running the
tests with `errno` in them. This was resolved previously by making the
internal implementation of these functions use a global `errno` so that
tests can still use `errno` functionality as long as they are run with a
single thread. This allows us to re-enable these tests as a previous
patch has also resolved the issue where the `stdlib` tests could not be
hermetic due to the dependence on system rounding functions.

Reviewed By: lntue

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D153016