Recommit "[Support] Add RetryAfterSignal helper function"

The difference from the previous version is the use of decltype, as the
implementation of std::result_of in libc++ did not work correctly for
variadic function like open(2).

Original summary:
This function retries an operation if it was interrupted by a signal
(failed with EINTR). It's inspired by the TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY macro in
glibc, but I've turned that into a template function. I've also added a
fail-value argument, to enable the function to be used with e.g.
fopen(3), which is documented to fail for any reason that open(2) can
fail (which includes EINTR).

The main user of this function will be lldb, but there were also a
couple of uses within llvm that I could simplify using this function.

Reviewers: zturner, silvas, joerg

Subscribers: mgorny, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D33895

llvm-svn: 306671