[libcxx] [test] Make the condvar wait_for tests less brittle

These seem to fail occasionally (they are marked as possibly requiring
a retry).

When doing a condvar wait_for(), it can wake up before the timeout
as a spurious wakeup. In these cases, the wait_for() method returns that
the timeout wasn't hit, and the test reruns another wait_for().

On Windows, it seems like the wait_for() operation often can end up
returning slightly before the intended deadline - when intending to
wait for 250 milliseconds, it can return after e.g. 235 milliseconds.
In these cases, the wait_for() doesn't indicate a timeout.

Previously, the test then reran a new wait_for() for a full 250
milliseconds each time. So for N consecutive wakeups slightly too early,
we'd wait for (N+1)*250 milliseconds. Now it only reruns wait_for() for
the remaining intended wait duration.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D99175