[mlir][python] allow for detaching operations from a block

Provide support for removing an operation from the block that contains it and
moving it back to detached state. This allows for the operation to be moved to
a different block, a common IR manipulation for, e.g., module merging.

Also fix a potential one-past-end iterator dereference in Operation::moveAfter
discovered in the process.

Reviewed By: mehdi_amini

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D112700