[flang] Complain about more cases of calls to insufficiently defined procedures

When a function is called in a specification expression, it must be
sufficiently defined, and cannot be a recursive call (10.1.11(5)).
The best fix for this is to change the contract for the procedure
characterization infrastructure to catch and report such errors,
and to guarantee that it does emit errors on failed characterizations.
Some call sites were adjusted to avoid cascades.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D104330