[MC][ELF] Rename MC related "Associated" to "LinkedToSym"

"linked-to section" is used by the ELF spec. By analogy, "linked-to
symbol" is a good name for the signature symbol.  The word "linked-to"
implies a directed edge and makes it clear its relation with "sh_link",
while one can argue that "associated" means an undirected edge.

Also, combine tests and add precise SMLoc to improve diagnostics.

Reviewed By: eugenis, grimar, jhenderson

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D74082