[BPF] Fix a recursion bug in BPF Peephole ZEXT optimization

Commit a0841dfe ("[BPF] Fix a bug in peephole optimization")
fixed a bug in peephole optimization. Recursion is introduced
to handle COPY and PHI instructions.

Unfortunately, multiple PHI instructions may form a cycle
and this will cause infinite recursion, eventual segfault.
For Commit a0841dfe, I indeed tried a few loops to ensure
that I won't see the recursion, but I did not try with
complex control flows, which, as demonstrated with the test case
in this patch, may introduce PHI cycles.

This patch fixed the issue by introducing a set to remember
visited PHI instructions. This way, cycles can be properly
detected and handled.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D70586