[libc++] Fix wrongly non-inline basic_string::shrink_to_fit

As explained in https://stackoverflow.com/a/70339311/627587, the fact
that shrink_to_fit wasn't defined as inline lead to issues when explicitly
instantiating basic_string. While explicit instantiations are always
somewhat brittle, this one was clearly a bug on our end.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D115656