[mlir] Add partial support for translating data layout

Add support for translating data layout specifications for integer and float
types between MLIR and LLVM IR. This is a first step towards removing the
string-based LLVM dialect data layout attribute on modules. The latter is still
available and will remain so until the first-class MLIR modeling can fully
replace it.

Depends On D120739

Reviewed By: wsmoses

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D120740