[LiveDebugValues][InstrRef][1/2] Recover more clobbered variable locations

In various circumstances, when we clobber a register there may be
alternative locations that the value is live in. The classic example would
be a value loaded from the stack, and then clobbered: the value is still
available on the stack. InstrRefBasedLDV was coping with this at block
starts where it's forced to pick a location, however it wasn't searching
for alternative locations when values were clobbered.

This patch notifies the "Transfer Tracker" object when clobbers occur, and
it's able to find alternatives and issue DBG_VALUEs for that location. See:
the added test.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D88405