[asan] Fix dead stripping of globals on Linux.

Use a combination of !associated, comdat, @llvm.compiler.used and
custom sections to allow dead stripping of globals and their asan
metadata. Sometimes.

Currently this works on LLD, which supports SHF_LINK_ORDER with
sh_link pointing to the associated section.

This also works on BFD, which seems to treat comdats as
all-or-nothing with respect to linker GC. There is a weird quirk
where the "first" global in each link is never GC-ed because of the
section symbols.

At this moment it does not work on Gold (as in the globals are never
stripped).

This is a re-land of r298158 rebased on D31358. This time,
asan.module_ctor is put in a comdat as well to avoid quadratic
behavior in Gold.

llvm-svn: 299697