[IR] Add WithOverflowInst class

This adds a WithOverflowInst class with a few helper methods to get
the underlying binop, signedness and nowrap type and makes use of it
where sensible. There will be two more uses in D60650/D60656.

The refactorings are all NFC, though I left some TODOs where things
could be improved. In particular we have two places where add/sub are
handled but mul isn't.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D60668

llvm-svn: 358512