[DebugInfo][InstrRef] Avoid dropping fragment info during PHI elimination

InstrRefBasedLDV used to crash on the added test -- the exit block is not
in scope for the variable being propagated, but is still considered because
it contains an assignment. The failure-mode was vlocJoin ignoring
assign-only blocks and not updating DIExpressions, but pickVPHILoc would
still find a variable location for it. That led to DBG_VALUEs created with
the wrong fragment information.

Fix this by removing a filter inherited from VarLocBasedLDV: vlocJoin will
now consider assign-only blocks and will update their expressions.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D114727