support phi ranges for machine-level IR

Add iterator ranges for machine instruction phis, similar to the IR-level
phi ranges added in r303964. I updated a few places to use this. Besides
general code simplification, this change will allow removing a non-upstream
change from Swift's copy of LLVM (in a better way than my previous attempt
in http://reviews.llvm.org/D19080).

https://reviews.llvm.org/D41672

llvm-svn: 321783