[DebugInfo][InstrRef] Use PHI placement utilities for machine locations

InstrRefBasedLDV used to try and determine which values are in which
registers using a lattice approach; however this is hard to understand, and
broken in various ways. This patch replaces that approach with a standard
SSA approach using existing LLVM utilities. PHIs are placed at dominance
frontiers; value propagation then eliminates un-necessary PHIs.

This patch also adds a bunch of unit tests that should cover many of the
weirder forms of control flow.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110173