[ThinLTO] Add caching to the new LTO API

Add the ability to plug a cache on the LTO API.
I tried to write such that a linker implementation can
control the cache backend. This is intrusive and I'm
not totally happy with it, but I can't figure out a
better design right now.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D23599

llvm-svn: 279576