[clang] Properly cache member pointer LLVM types

When not going through the main Clang->LLVM type cache, we'd
accidentally create multiple different opaque types for a member pointer
type.

This allows us to remove the -verify-type-cache flag now that
check-clang passes with it on. We can do the verification in expensive
builds. Previously microsoft-abi-member-pointers.cpp was failing with
-verify-type-cache.

I suspect that there may be more issues when we have multiple member
pointer types and we clear the cache, but we can leave that for later.

Followup to D118744.

Reviewed By: rnk

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D119215