[Clang] Add check to Sema::AddAlignedAttr to verify active bits is not out of range

If we provide too large a value for the alignment attribute
APInt::getZExtValue() will assert. This PR adjusts existing check to catch
this case and provide a diagnostic.

This fixes: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/50534

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D152335