Fix quadratic behavior from Operation::setAttr() (NFC)

This API tries to ensure some backward compatibility for properties,
but doing so in multiple-layers was causing quadratic behavior.
Instead of `setAttrs()` repeatingly calling to `setAttr()` we inline
the logic and apply it locally in a single traversal.

Fixes #62800

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D150993