[libc] move __stack_chk_fail to src/ from startup/ (#75863)

__stack_chk_fail should be provided by libc.a, not startup files.

Add __stack_chk_fail to existing linux and arm entrypoints. On Windows
(when
not targeting MinGW), it seems that the corresponding function
identifier is
__security_check_cookie, so no entrypoint is added for Windows.
Baremetal
targets also ought to be compileable with `-fstack-protector*`

There is no common header for this prototype, since calls to
__stack_chk_fail
are meant to be inserted by the compiler upon function return when
compiled
`-fstack-protector*`.