[libc++][hardening] Categorize most assertions inside the container classes.

This introduces:
- `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_INPUT_RANGE`;
- `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_CONTAINER_ACCESS`;
- `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ITERATOR_ACCESS`;
- `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_VALID_ALLOCATOR`;
- `_LIBCPP_ASSERT_INTERNAL`.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D155349