[InstCombine] Simplify separate_storage assumptions

Before this change, we call getUnderlyingObject on each separate_storage
operand on every alias() call (potentially requiring lots of pointer
chasing). Instead, we rewrite the assumptions in instcombine to do this
pointer-chasing once.

We still leave the getUnderlyingObject calls in alias(), just expecting
them to be no-ops much of the time. This is relatively fast (just a
couple dyn_casts with no pointer chasing) and avoids making alias
analysis results depend on whether or not instcombine has been run.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D144933