Revert "[libc++] Remove extension to support allocator<const T>"

This reverts commit 276ca873. That commit has quite a history at this
point. It was first landed in dbc647643577, which broke std::shared_ptr<T const>
and was reverted in 9138666f. It was then re-applied in 276ca873, with
the std::shared_ptr issue fixed, but it caused widespread breakage at
Google (which suggests it would cause similar breakage in the wild too),
so now I'm reverting again.

Instead, I will add a escape hatch that vendors can turn on to enable
the extension and perform a phased transition over one or two releases
like we sometimes do when things become non-trivial.