[mlir][bufferize] Infer memory space in all bufferization patterns

This change updates all remaining bufferization patterns (except for scf.while) and the remaining bufferization infrastructure to infer the memory space whenever possible instead of falling back to "0". (If a default memory space is set in the bufferization options, we still fall back to that value if the memory space could not be inferred.)

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D128423