Reapply "DebugInfo: Add/support new DW_LANG codes for recent C and C++ versions""

This may be a breaking change for consumers if they're trying to detect
if code is C or C++, since it'll start using new codes that they may not
be ready to recognize, in which case they may fall back to non-C
handling.

This caused regressions due to PS4 having a different default for C
language version than other targets. Those tests were adapted to be
relaxed about which C version is used.

This reapplies commit 3c312e48
Which was reverted by commit 6ab6085c.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D138597